Abstract

Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Costa Rica from 2018-2022.

Methods: Retrospective observational descriptive study from 2018 to 2022 of Hansen's Disease cases using individual notification records under the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. To determine the number of new cases, anonymized information was requested from the Epidemiology Unit of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund and the Epidemiology Unit of the Health Surveillance Directorate of the Ministry of Health.

Results: In Costa Rica, between 2018-2022, 50 cases of Hansen's disease were registered (annual average of 10). The mean age at diagnosis was 48.46 ± 17.88 years for the group in general, with an age range between 15 -78 years. The sex ratio (male/ female) was 2.33 (15/35). The province of Puntarenas recorded 26 cases (52%). The canton of Garabito registered a prevalence rate at the subnational level of more than 1 per ten thousand inhabitants. No cases in children under 15 years of age were reported. The overall mean leprosy detection rate during the study period was 0.2 (50/25 549 059) per 100000 population. The leprosy detection rate decreased from 0.26 (13/5,003,402) to 0.249 (8/5213374) per 100000 population between 2018 and 2022. The proportion of cases classified as multibacillary leprosy increased by 100% in 2019. The proportion of leprosy in women decreased from 38.46% to 12.5%.

Conclusion: Nationwide, the disease prevalence is maintained at elimination levels. However, at the subnational level, districts with rates higher than 1 per 10000 inhabitants still exist.

Keywords: leprosy; epidemiology; neglected diseases; Costa Rica.