Assessment of urban development: A composite indicator analysis of the safe city index through the 'benefit of the doubt' model

Evaluación de desarrollo urbano: un análisis de indicadores compuestos del índice de ciudad segura a través del modelo del 'beneficio de la duda'

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study employs the 'benefit of the doubt' (BOD) weighting model to build a composite indicator to evaluate urban development in 60 cities located around the world for 2021. The results of the empirical application based on the data provided by The Economist (i.e., safe city index) reveal the informative power of the proposed composite indicator, relative to models using equal weight restrictions. Findings indicate that there are significant efficiency differences among the analyzed cities, and that cities follow different strategic pathways when it comes to design urban policies. This suggests that there is much scope for strategic and effective support policy in many cities. The results of the study highlight that an analysis based on the BOD approach may offer useful information to policy makers on what strategic actions may potentially optimize the allocation of local resources and, subsequently, enhance urban development.

Keywords: Urban development; data envelopment analysis; benefit of the doubt; safe city index

	City	Digital security (y1)	Health security (y2)	Infrastructure security (y3)	Personal security (y4)	Environmental security(y5)	Safe City Index 2021
1	Abu Dhabi	66.80	76.50	77.30	67.00	46.70	66.90
2	Amsterdam	79.30	72.50	83.50	80.50	80.90	79.30
3	Baku	48.90	47.30	58.60	47.30	46.70	49.80
4	Bangkok	52.70	73.10	65.70	46.40	62.90	60.20
5	Barcelona	72.90	78.10	83.70	75.80	78.40	77.80
6	Beijing	52.20	73.60	76.50	59.50	57.00	63.80
7	Bogota	51.60	59.00	57.00	50.90	85.50	60.80
8	Brussels	68.50	67.80	82.30	79.20	70.40	73.60
9	Buenos Aires	60.00	67.40	62.60	55.90	78.80	64.90
10	Cairo	43.60	45.60	47.20	48.10	33.80	43.70
11	Caracas	37.40	39.00	38.00	46.10	41.90	40.50
12	Casablanca	53.70	51.40	52.20	48.50	35.10	48.20
13	Chicago	76.70	74.80	84.50	64.90	74.00	75.00
14	Copenhagen	82.20	70.00	89.00	86.40	84.50	82.40
15	Dhaka	39.00	50.90	49.60	46.60	58.20	48.90
16	Dallas	76.50	74.60	82.90	61.40	77.20	74.50
17	Dubai	66.80	75.50	76.00	67.00	37.70	64.60
18	Istanbul	58.70	71.90	72.10	48.80	62.80	62.90
19	Stockholm	72.60	66.50	87.30	79.70	83.70	78.00
20	Frankfurt	76.70	72.30	84.10	80.30	74.90	77.70
21	Ho Chi Minh	46.20	63.90	59.50	56.50	66.40	58.50
22	Hong Kong	70.10	84.00	93.40	70.40	74.80	78.60
23	Johannesburg	53.10	61.00	49.80	51.70	65.60	56.20
24	Karachi	38.50	48.40	43.00	33.30	35.40	39.70
25	Kuala Lumpur	59.10	64.00	69.00	60.10	81.00	66.60
26	Kuwait	43.60	69.70	53.40	58.00	22.00	49.40
27	Lagos	46.40	43.70	32.40	33.70	68.80	45.00
28	Lisbon	64.30	57.50	77.40	76.90	74.30	70.10
29	London	76.60	78.80	82.70	74.40	73.70	77.20
30	Los Angeles	82.00	74.80	82.90	66.60	76.30	76.50
31	Madrid	72.90	67.00	84.00	76.60	73.10	74.70
32	Manila	47.40	49.90	52.90	46.40	65.90	52.50
33	Melbourne	78.30	81.90	84.00	73.00	76.10	78.60
34	Mexico	57.20	57.40	62.10	52.50	72.10	60.30
35	Milan	65.10	61.30	76.60	68.70	84.90	71.30
36	Moscow	59.40	68.60	74.20	49.90	60.50	62.50
37	Mumbai	45.40	60.80	57.30	48.20	60.10	54.40
38	New York	81.60	75.20	84.40	66.90	80.90	77.80
39	New Delhi	47.50	63.60	59.80	52.80	56.80	56.10
40	Osaka	64.80	81.80	86.60	73.20	77.00	76.70
41	Paris	69.40	68.60	82.60	79.00	71.70	74.30
42	Quito	45.70	58.30	59.10	50.90	80.10	58.80
43	Rio de Janeiro	53.80	50.70	62.90	58.40	83.30	61.80
44	Riyadh	53.10	68.60	55.20	51.80	46.70	55.10
45	Roma	60.10	65.20	74.50	69.40	78.00	69.40
46	San Francisco	82.00	77.30	83.60	64.90	78.30	77.20
47	Santiago	64.20	66.50	70.80	70.70	54.30	65.30
48	Sao Paulo	53.80	57.70	66.50	53.90	76.70	61.70
49	Seoul	62.10	81.10	83.00	69.90	72.90	73.80
50	Shanghai	57.20	73.60	80.30	59.00	69.30	67.90
51	Singapore	82.80	84.10	92.10	74.50	69.90	80.70
52	Sidney	83.20	77.70	84.50	76.30	79.00	80.10
53	Taipei	63.20	73.50	82.40	70.90	80.30	74.00
54	Tokyo	71.00	87.70	87.70	73.30	80.60	80.00
55	Toronto	75.00	80.00	88.60	77.20	90.30	82.20
56	Washington DC	72.10	74.00	86.50	66.80	87.60	77.40
57	Wellington	77.30	63.40	84.20	78.30	91.70	79.00
58	Jakarta	38.00	58.90	63.70	47.60	73.80	56.40
59	Yangon	28.10	44.60	40.50	39.20	45.30	39.50
60	Zurich	74.80	66.60	84.20	73.40	82.30	76.30

Continent	Average	Standard deviation	Q1	Median	Q3	Minimum	Maximum	Obs.
North America	0.9542	0.0244	0.9290	0.9544	0.9624	0.9283	1.0000	7
Europe	0.9064	0.0648	0.8647	0.9143	0.9527	0.7803	1.0000	15
Oceania	0.9733	0.0108	0.9672	0.9695	0.9775	0.9649	0.9855	3
Asia	0.7622	0.1501	0.6560	0.7480	0.8812	0.4926	1.0000	23
Latin America	0.7291	0.0964	0.7313	0.7457	0.7793	0.5042	0.8155	8
Africa	0.6059	0.0716	0.5542	0.5843	0.6360	0.5504	0.7045	4
Total	0.8164	0.1469	0.7180	0.8420	0.9510	0.4926	1.0000	60

		Endogenous weights for the CDI ^BOD indicators
	CDI ^BOD	Digital security (y1)	Health security (y2)	Infrastructure security (y3)	Personal security (y4)	Environmental security(y5)
North America	0.9542	24.28%	24.27%	25.00%	5.95%	20.49%
Europe	0.9064	16.90%	20.51%	23.29%	20.30%	19.00%
Oceania	0.9733	25.00%	18.34%	21.20%	17.13%	18.31%
Asia	0.7622	15.19%	24.86%	23.29%	19.63%	17.04%
Latin America	0.7291	19.47%	24.04%	17.38%	16.65%	22.47%
Africa	0.6059	25.00%	25.00%	12.51%	22.51%	14.98%
Total	0.8164	18.39%	23.28%	21.88%	17.87%	18.58%

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