<italic>Diadema mexicanum</italic> <bold>, a key species of sea urchin in coral reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: state of knowledge and future perspectives</bold>

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doi:10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23140

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Artículo • Rev. biol. trop 63 (Suppl 2) • June 2015 • https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23140 linkcopy

Diadema mexicanum , a key species of sea urchin in coral reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: state of knowledge and future perspectives

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Abstract

Diadematids are among the most ecologically important sea urchin families. This review presents the state of knowledge of an important member of that family, Diadema mexicanum, in the Tropical Eastern Pacific based on studies carried out mainly in Panama, Costa Rica and Mexico. Density of D. mexicanum is low, fluctuating between 0.008 and 9.5 ind m^-2, however under particular conditions such as El Niño, densities reach up to 150 ind m^-2. On the other hand, just one event of mass mortality at a local level has been reported for this species in Mexico. Bioerosion caused by D. mexicanum is more intense in southern reefs, whereas in localities from Mexico values are lower. According to studies carried out in Panama and Mexico it has been determined that D. mexicanum reproduces between April and November and its reproduction is influenced by ocean dynamics of winds and currents. It is necessary to extend the study areas in order to determine if populations of D. mexicanum have a similar behavior along its entire geographical distribution. Finally, it is necessary to assess the effect of extraction for different purposes on this species and identify the actions that should be taken in order to protect its populations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 135-157. Epub 2015 June 01.

Key words: Echinodermata; distribution; evolution; food; bioerosion; reproduction; diseases; threats

Sitio	Año	Densidad (ind m^-2 )	Talla (cm)	Referencia
México Archipiélago de Revillagigedo	2006	0.45	-	Bedolla-Guzmán, 2007
Santa Rosalía, Golfo de California (GC)	2004-2005	0.003	-	González-Azcárraga, 2006
Bahía de Loreto, GC	1997-1998	0.023	-	Holguín-Quiñones et al., 2000
Isla Espíritu Santo, GC	2001-2002	0.02	-	González-Medina et al., 2006
Islas Marías, Nayarit	2008	0.12	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Isla Isabel, Nayarit	2008	0.48	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Tenacatita, Jalisco	2008	0.05	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Colima	1994-1995	1.5	1.5-8.5	Espino-Barr et al., 1996
Manzanillo, Colima	2008	0.03	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Caleta de Campos, Michoacán	2008	0.28	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo/Acapulco, Guerrero	2004	1.45	-	Zamorano & Leyte-Morales, 2009
-	2008	0.24	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
Acapulco, Guerrero	2008	0.94	-	Ramírez-Ortíz, 2010
La Entrega, Oaxaca,	2002-2003	5.96	-	Zamorano & Leyte-Morales, 2005
Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca	2000-2001	1.0-6.8	2.9-4.0	Herrera-Escalante et al., 2005
-	2006-2007	0.26-4.17	4.41-4.72	Benítez-Villalobos et al., 2008
Isla Cacaluta, Oaxaca	2006-2007	0.46	4.38	López-Pérez et al., 2008
Francia Atolón de Clipperton	1994	0.1-2.2	-	Glynn et al., 1996
Nicaragua San Juan del Sur	2009	0.35	-	Alvarado et al., 2010
Costa Rica Parque Nacional Marino Ballena	2004	0.04-1.03	-	Alvarado & Fernández, 2005
Isla del Caño	1984-1985	0.35-3.9	-	Guzmán, 1988; Guzmán & Cortés, 1993
Isla del Coco	1968	-	3.3-5.3	Pearse, 1968
-	1987	14.5	-	Guzmán & Cortés, 1992
-	1990	6.1	-	Lessios et al., 1996
-	2002	0.84	-	Guzmán & Cortés, 2007
-	2006	1.06	-	Alvarado & Chiriboga, 2008
Panamá Isla Uva, Golfo de Chiriquí	1987	50-150	1.8-3.1	Glynn, 1988
-	1974-2000	3-60	-	Eakin, 2001
Saboga, Golfo de Panamá	1987	27.2	3.4-3.5	Glynn, 1988
Islas Golfo de Chiriquí	2007	0.01-9.05	-	Alvarado et al., 2012b
Colombia Azufrada, Isla Gorgona	1996-1998	2.27	-	Vargas-Angel, 2003
Playa Blanca, Isla Gorgona	1997-1998	13.8-28.1	-	Toro-Farmer, 1998
Chola, Ensenada Utría	1996-1998	0.49	-	Vargas-Angel, 2003
Isla Malpelo	2006-2007	2.9-3.1	-	Cohen-Rengifo, 2008
Bahía Malaga	-	2.77	4.56	Lozano-Cortés et al., 2011
Ecuador Punta los Frailes, Parque Nacional Machalilla	1994-1996	0.35-0.73	-	Sonnenholzer & Lawrence, 2002
Islas Galápagos	2000-2001	0.1	-	Shepherd et al., 2003
-	2000-2001	0.088	-	Edgar et al., 2004
Isla Santa Cruz, Islas Galápagos	2002	0.008-0.5	-	Lawrence & Sonnenholzer, 2004

Especie	Localidad	Densidad (ind m^-2 )	talla (cm)	Erosión diaria por Tasa de bioerosión Fuente erizo (g ind^-1 d^-1 ) (kg m^-2 año^-1 )
Cidaridae Eucidaris galapagensis	Galápagos	10 50	4.9-5.5	1.98	20 40	Glynn, 1988
-	-	10-60	-	-	22.8	Reaka-Kudla et al., 1996
Eucidaris thouarsii	México	0.17	4.32	1.83	0.67	Reyes-Bonilla & Calderón-Aguilera, 1999
Diadematidae Diadema antillarum	Barbados	-	-	-	9.7	Hunter, 1977
-	-	23	0.5-6.0	0.3-7.4	9.0	Stearn & Scoffin, 1977
-	-	23	1.0-6.0	0.27-2.26	9.7	Scoffin et al., 1980
-	St Croix, US Islas Virgenes	9	6.0	-	4.6	Ogden, 1977
-	Venezuela	4 3 2.6	-	-	6.0 5.9 3.8	Weil, 1980 en Griffin et al., 2003
-	Curaçao	12	-	-	2.9	Bak et al., 1984
-	Jamaica	1.0 0.2	- -	- -	0.0016 0.0002	Mallela & Perry, 2007
Diadema mexicanum	Uva, Panamá	3 150	1.8-2.7	0.19	5.0 20.0	Glynn, 1988
-	-	1.78 0.06 18.76 48.26	-	0.27-0.32	0.08 0.01 1.04 4.38	Eakin, 1996
-	Saboga, Panamá	27.2	3.4-3.5	0.47	13-17	Glynn, 1988
-	Bahía Malaga, Colombia	2.77	4.56	-	0.38	Lozano-Cortés et al., 2011
-	Huatulco, México Cabo Pulmo, México Isla Isabel, México Islas Marietas, México La Entrega México Puerto Ángel, México Bahías de Huatulco. México Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, México	1.0 1.3 2.9 6.8 0.26 0.36 0.48 4.17 0.03 0.65 0.18 3.26 1.74 0.75 0.40	4.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 4.72 4.83 4.41 4.71 3.1 4.8 4.1 4.2 6.21 4.86 5.45	2.08 -	0.91 0.96 2.01 3.28 0.25 0.37 0.40 4.00 0.001 0.211 0.009 8.103 0.034 0.011 0.007	Herrera-Escalante et al., 2005 Benítez-Villalobos et al., 2008 Herrera-Escalante, 2011 López-López, 2011
Diadema savignyi	Polinesia Francesa	4.87	5.5-5.9	-	3.87	Bak, 1990
-	Kenia	0-0.1	5.7-8.3	0.72	0.05-1.2	Carreiro-Silva & McClanahan, 2001
Diadema setosum	Golfo de Eliat	0.1 6.4	3.0	0.31	0.01 0.72	Mokady et al., 1996
-	Kenia	0.01-0.4	5.3-7.8	1.79	0.65	Carreiro-Silva y McClanahan, 2001
-	Tailandia	0.4-11.8	2.0-7.0	0.99	1.64-5.5	Ruengsawang & Yeemin, 2000
Echinothrix diadema	Polinesia Francesa	0.65	8.8	-	0.80	Bak, 1990
-	Kenia	0.02-0.07	9.1-12.0	5.49	2.00	Carreiro-Silva & McClanahan, 2001
Centrostephanus coronatus	Isla Gorgona, Colombia	6.86	0.91-2.58	0.075	0.19	Toro-Farmer et al., 2004
-	Bahía Malaga, Colombia	0.13	3.82	-	0.02	Lozano-Cortés et al., 2011
Echinometridae Echinostrephus aciculatus	Isla Marshall	0.50 1.05 0.66	2.4 1.8 1.68	0.40 0.18 0.15	0.073 0.068 0.036	Russo, 1980
Especie	Localidad	Densidad (ind m^-2)		talla (cm)	Erosión diaria por Tasa de bioerosión erizo (g ind^-1 d^-1) (kg m^-2 año^-1)		Fuente
Echinometra sp. A	Fiji	1.08 0.62 0.39 0.36		38 37 39 41	-	0.043 0.035 0.030 0.037	Appana & Vuki, 2006
Echinometra mathaei	Isla Marshall	0.16 6.50 1.75		2.2 1.9 1.95	0.13 0.11 0.11	0.008 0.257 0.072	Russo, 1980
-	La Reunión	49.1 12.4 2.5		-	-	8.3 2.9 0.4	Conand et al., 1997
-	-	3.8-73.6		-	-	0.4-8.3	Peyrot-Clausade et al., 2000
-	Polinesia Francesa	7.38		1.5-1.9 2-2.4 2.5-2.9	0.1 0.16 0.23	0.372	Bak, 1990
-	-	4.8 210 8		-	-	0.89 6.87 0.63	Pari et al., 1998
-	Kenia	1.7 14.2		3.8	0.7	0.43 3.63	McClanahan & Muthiga, 1988
-	-	0.03-5.6		2.6-4.9	0.42	0.15	Carreiro-Silva & McClanahan, 2001
-	Okinawa, Japón	10		-	-	0.2	Hibino & van Woesik, 2000
-	Golfo de Eliat	3.7 10.5		2.3	0.12	0.57 1.61	Mokady et al., 1996
-	Kuwait	30		3.7	1.4	0.33	Downing & El-Zahr, 1987
Echinometra lucunter	St Croix, US Islas Vírgenes	100		-	-	3.9	Ogden, 1977
-	Bermuda	25		-	0.77	7.0	Hunt, 1969 en Russo, 1980
Echinometra viridis	Puerto Rico	0.8-62.6		2-2.5	0.18	1.14-4.14	Griffin et al., 2003
Temnopleuridae Toxopneustes roseus	Panamá	-		5.1-7.5	1.57	-	Glynn, 1988
-	Golfo de California, México*	0.02-0.09		-	3.87-7.96	-	James, 2000
Otros Varias especies	Belize¹	17.6 6.5 0.8 12.5 17.3 32.8 30 25 17.8 31.6 40.0		2.75 2.87 3.41 2.44 2.86 2.37 2.11 2.56 1.64 1.40 1.33	-	1.2 0.6 0.2 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3	Brown-Saracino et al., 2007
-	Polinesia Francesa²	7.12-10.0		-	-	0.6-7.5	Peyrot-Clausade et al., 2000

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Universidad de Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, CR, 2060, 2511-5500 , 2511-5550 - E-mail: rbt@biologia.ucr.ac.cr

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[TFN1] E. viridis, E. lucunter, D. antillarum, Eucidaris tribuloides, Lytechinus variegatus, L. williamsi

[TFN2] Echinometra types A y B, E. diadema, Echinothrix calamaris, D. savignyi.

[TFN3] * Determinado en camas de rodolitos.