Author |
Sampling year |
Locality |
Sea urchin species |
Pathogen agent |
Jones et al., (1985) |
1982 |
Nova Scotia |
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensi
|
Paramoeba
|
Maes and Jangoux (1984) |
1984 |
Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic, France |
Echinus esculentus, Sphaerechinus granularis, Psammechinus miliaris Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus
|
Bacterial infection |
Shimizu et al., (1995) |
1990-1992 |
Fisheries Breeding Center, Japan |
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
|
Vibrio and Aeromonas
|
Becker et al., (2008) |
2006 |
Atlantic coast, Brittany, France |
Paracentrotus lividus
|
5 Alphaproctobacteria, 8 Gammaprotobacteria and 1 Fusobacteria. Some were identified as Vibrio sp., Colwellia sp., Stappia sp., Bacteroidetes sp. and Cytophagales sp. |
Girard et. al., (2011) |
2003 |
Tenerife, Spain |
Paracentrotus lividus
|
Bald sea urchin disease related with global climate warming |
Dyková et al., (2011) |
2010 |
Tenerife, Spain |
Diadema africanum
|
Neoparamoeba branchiphila
|
Wang, Feng et al. (2013) |
2009-2010 |
Heishijiao Hatchery, China |
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
|
Vibrio splendidus, V. shilonii, V. harveyi, Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis, Shewanella aquimarina
|
Clemente et al, (2014) |
2009-2010 |
Madeira Island (Portugal) to the Canary Islands (Spain) |
Diadema africanum
|
Vibrio alginolyticus.
|
Virwani et al. (2021) |
2017-2018 |
St. Kitts, Caribbean Sea |
Tripneustes ventricosus
|
Ciliates and encysted metazoan parasites |
Hernández et al., (2020) |
Since 2001 |
Tenerife and La Palma, Spain |
Diadema africanum
|
Paramoeba branquiphila
|
Gizzi et al., (2020) |
2018 |
Madeira, Portugal |
Diadema africanum
|
In the coelomic fluid: Aeromonas salmonicida and non-identified β-hemolítica (gram-negative) bacteria species (as V. alginolyticus)
|
Grech et al., (2022) |
2019 |
Sardinia (Italy) |
Paracentrotus lividus
|
Vibrio splendidus, protozoa and metazoan observed too |
Salazar-Forero et al., (2022) |
2020 |
After Filomena Storm. Tenerife, Spain |
Diadema africanum
|
Neoparamoeba brachiphula, Vexillifera minutissima, Vibrio alginolyticus
|
|
|
|
Sphaerechinus granularis
|
Neoparamoeba brachiphila, Vexillifera minutissima
|
|
|
|
Paracentrotus lividus
|
|
|
|
Arbacia lixula
|
Federico et al., (2023) |
2019-2020 |
Napoli (Italy) |
Paracentrotus lividus
|
Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Tenacibaculum spp. |
Wang et al. (2023) |
2020 |
Sea urchin farm in Weihai, Shandong Province, China |
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
|
Vibrio coralliilyticus
|
Hewson et al., (2023) |
2022 |
Saba (Caribbean Netherlands) and St. John (USVI) |
Diadema antillarum
|
Philaster spp (ciliate) |
Zirler et al., (2023) |
2022 |
Levantine coast of Greece and Turkey |
Diadema setosum
|
Infection agents were not described |
Shaw et al., (2024) |
- |
Southern California Sea Urchin Company (Corona del Mar, CA) |
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
|
Many different pathogenic bacteria, including V. alginolyticus, V. coralliilyticus, Flexibacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Tenacibaculum sp., Colwellia sp., Flexibacteraceae, Rhodobacterales, Cohaesibacter gelatinilyticus, Stappia, Psychrobacter, Staphylococcus, and Saprospiraceae |
Our study |
2022 |
Gran Canaria, Spain |
Arbacia lixula
|
Acinetobacter johnsonii
Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis
Vibrio alginolyticus
Vibrio myliti
Candida
|
|
|
|
Paracentrotus lividus
|
Pseudomonas rhodesiae
Vibrio alginolyticus
Vibrio harveyi
Candida
|