Macrocytic-normochromic anaemia in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriform: Clariidae) exposed to Paraquat under laboratory conditions

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Agricultural pesticides are among the main causes of pollution in aquatic ecosystems, and they can lead to physiological changes in fish. For example, blood alteration and damage to haemopoietic tissue can be associated with pathological conditions related to water. Objective: To describe the effects of certain levels of pesticide on a Nigerian fish species. Methods: Macrocytic-normochromic anaemia was induced in C. gariepinus at intervals of 1,7 and 14 days (sub-lethal concentrations of Paraquat: 0; 0,03; 0,05; 0,07 and 0,09mg/l). Results: Blood dyscrasias was observed with a significant (p<0,05) decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Neutrophils, Eosinophil and Basophil increased significantly (p<0,05) with increasing concentrations of the toxicant while Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) remained normal. Conclusion: Sublethal concentrations of paraquat induced macrocytic-normochromic anaemia in the catfish C. gariepinus.

Keywords: Toxicity; herbicides; stun; haematology; disorder; poisoning

Parameters	Concentration(mg/L)
Parameters	Control	0,03	0,05	0,07	0,09
Hb (gdL^-1 )	5,99 ± 1,762^a	5,97 ± 2,970^a	5,80 ± 2,022^a	5,73 ± 1,411^a	4,57 ± 0,103^b
PCV (%)	19,93 ± 4,509^c	18,90 ± 6,385^c	17,03 ± 7,239^c	13,47 ± 8,145^d	8,27 ± 7,251^a
RBC (x10¹² L^-1)	1,67 ± 0,727^a	1,54 ± 0,509^b	1,35 ± 0,639^c	1,17 ± 0,118^d	1,10 ± 0,732^e
MCV (FI)	106,83 ± 5,982^e	120,70 ± 2,626^d	127,90 ± 3,576^c	135,03 ± 3,078^b	148,43 ± 6,082^a
MCH (pg)	41,50 ± 2,180^d	45,40 ± 2,227^c	47 00 ± 3,897^b	49,60 ± 0,721^b	54,78 ± 5,740^a
MCHC (gdL^-1)	57,82 ± 4,112^a	57,57 ± 9,181^b	5,00 ± 4,246^b	57,90 ± 1,758^g	57,20 ± 3,151^f
WBC (x10⁹L^-1)	7 093 ± 8,235^a	7 083 ± 5.378^b	7 053 ± 7,276^c	6 067 ± 3,001^d	5 633±1.150^e
Neutrophils (%)	59,0 ± 3,699^d	53,0 ± 0,700^a	48,7 ± 3,955^b	46,0 ± 0,529^f	34,0 ± 0,200^g
Lymphocytes (%)	97,59 ± 2,261^a	95,13 ± 0,666^b	93,03 ± 4,759^b	91,70 ± 0,964^c	87,47 ± 3,700^d
Monocytes (%)	1,36 ± 0,518^c	1,24 ± 0,400^c	1,15 ± 0,854^c	0,92 ± 0,058^a	0,73 ± 0,100^a

Parameters	Concentration(mg/L)
Parameters	Control	0,03	0,05	0,07	0,09
Hb (gdL^-1 )	5,99 ± 1,762^a	5,90 ± 2,950^a	5,80 ± 2,022^a	4,47 ± 1,41^b	3,47 ± 0,153^c
PCV (%)	18,93 ± 4,509^a	17,13 ± 4,939^b	15,57 ± 4,969^c	14,23 ± 3,027^d	12,13 ± 0,666^e
RBC (x10¹² L^-1)	1,90 ± 0,727^a	1,74 ± 0,669^b	1,43 ± 0,289^c	1,24 ± 0,208^d	0,97 ± 0,112^g
MCV (FI)	108,97 ± 3,021^f	122,6 ± 3,947^d	130,9 ± 7,877^c	138,6 ± 5,515^b	154,43 ± 6,082^a
MCH (pg)	42,03 ± 5,401^d	46,17 ± 5,405^c	48,60 ± 2,722^c	51,37 ± 4,927^b	57,78 ± 5,740^a
MCHC (gdL^-1)	57,82 ± 4,112^b	57,73 ± 6,612^b	75,13 ± 4,531^b	57,03 ± 3,587^b	57,20 ± 5,025^b
WBC (x10⁹L^-1)	7 093 ± 8,235^g	6 730 ± 7,956^f	5 390 ± 3,528^d	4 693 ± 3,672^a	3 607 ± 7,705^b
Neutrophils (%)	63,0 ± 3,699^a	59,7 ± 1,550^b	48,7 ± 1,429^c	21,3 ± 2,055^d	11,0 ± 0,458^e
Lymphocytes (%)	97,59 ± 2,261^a	95,30 ± 2,088^b	93,23 ± 1,986^b	91,87 ± 4,654^c	87,13 ± 4,678^d
Monocytes (%)	1,25 ± 0,518^a	0,73 ± 0,551^b	0,63 ± 0,551^b	0,60 ± 0,529^b	0,27 ± 0,115^b

Parameters	Concentration(mg/L)
Parameters	Control	0,03	0,05	0,07	0,09
Hb (gdL^-1 )	5,99 ± 1,762^a	5,67 ± 3,308^a	5,60 ± 2,610^b	4,17 ± 1,300^b	2,35 ± 1,850^c
PCV (%)	18,93 ± 4,509^a	14,90 ± 4,357^b	13,60 ± 5,339^c	12,63 ± 7,543^d	11,67 ± 2,248^e
RBC (x10¹² L^-1)	1,67 ± 0,727^a	1,19 ± 1,187^b	1,12 ± 1,120^c	0,97 ± 0,520^d	0,69 ± 0,047^e
MCV (FI)	119,03 ± 2,348^f	120,4 ± 3,934^g	123,8 ± 1,825^c	126,7 ± 1,268^b	144,43 ± 6,082^a
MCH (pg)	44,07 ± 5,672^c	47,30 ± 3,974ⁿ	49,00 ± 94,423^b	52,00 ± 3,160^a	59,78 ± 5,740^f
MCHC (gdL^-1)	57,82 ± 4,112^a	57,20 ± 4,490^a	57,80 ± 3,987^a	57,03 ± 5,977^a	57,00 ± 6,245^a
WBC (x10⁹L^-1)	7 093 ± 8,235^a	5 167 ± 5,636^b	3 997±6,623^d	3 307 ± 3,014^g	2 620±1,416^ag
Neutrophils (%)	63,0 ± 3,699^m	48,7 ± 2,589ⁿ	23,7 ± 1,767^a	21,7 ± 1,531^b	19,0 ± 0,854^d
Lymphocytes (%)	97,59 ± 2,261^a	95,53 ± 1,002^a	93,10 ± 2,254^a	91,47 ± 2,706^b	87,17 ± 3,095^d
Monocytes (%)	1,25 ± 0,518^a	0,67 ± 0,351^b	0,57 ± 0,153^b	0,53 ± 0,493^b	0,27 ± 0,058^b

Duration of exposure (Days)
Parameters	Control	1	7	14
Hb (gdL^-1 )	5,99 ± 1,762^a	5,51 ± 1,828^a	5,74 ± 1,644^b	4,67 ± 2,267^c
PCV (%)	18,93 ± 4,509^d	15,16 ± 7,255^b	14,29 ± 3,900^c	13,20 ± 4,871^ad
RBC (x10¹² L^-1)	1,67 ± 0,727^g	1,44 ± 0,0499^a	1,32 ± 0,319^b	0,94 ± 0,718^d
MCV (FI)	112,27 ± 5,090^b	117,48 ± 2,343^a	122,27 ± 5,090^c	144,43 ± 6,082^d
MCH (pg)	45,84 ± 4,307^c	47,13 ± 2,246^b	49,79 ± 4,614^g	55,78 ± 5,740^a
MCHC (gdL^-1)	57,82 ± 4,112^d	57,66 ± 4,584^d	57,27 ± 4,938^d	57,51 ± 5,174^d
WBC (x10⁹L^-1)	7 093 ± 8,235^a	6 459 ± 4,201^b	5 105 ± 4,715^c	3 773±4.172^d
Neutrophils (%)	63,0 ± 3,699^a	42,4 ± 1,346^b	35,2 ± 1,363^c	28,3 ± 1,635^d
Lymphocytes (%)	97,59 ± 2,261^a	93,58 ± 2,022^b	90,64 ± 3,352^c	95,07 ± 2,264^d
Monocytes (%)	1,25 ± 0,518^a	0,99 ± 0,353^b	0,56 ± 0,437^b	0,51 ± 0,264^b

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Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica, Sabanilla, Montes de Oca, Sabanilla, Montes de Oca, CR, 2050, 2527-2000, 2527-2527 - E-mail: cuadernosuned@gmail.com

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[TFN1] Mean of parameters with the same superscripts along the rows are not significantly different at p>0,05.

[TFN2] Hb-Haemoglobin; PCV-Packed cell volume; RBC-Red Blood cell count; MCV-Mean Corpuscular Volume; MCH-Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin; MCHC-Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration; WBC-White Blood cell count